Papers published in this journal will be considered retracted in publication if :

1. They have clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of error (e.g. fabrication of data) or honest error (e.g. calculation error or experimental error)
2. the findings have been previously published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (i.e. a case of redundant publication)
3. constitute plagiarism
4. report unethical research

The retraction mechanism follows the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Retraction Guidelines which can be accessed at https://publicationethics.org/files/retraction%20guidelines.pdf.